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How Often Do You Change Oil? by Thomas Yoon In our previous issue, we discuss about the properties of lubricating oil and what to look for when buying or replacing them. Ezine ArticleToday, we want to find out as to when to replace the lubricating oil. If you have a large quantity of lubricating oil to change, it is going to burn a hole in your pocket. So most plant operators try to preserve the properties of the lubricating oil for as long as possible.One of the most important functions of...
•What Do You Mean by Four Stroke?
What Do You Mean by Four Stroke? by Thomas Yoon What is a 4-stroke diesel engine?As the name suggests, these engines work on reciprocating actions of pistons. One stroke means one linear motion of the piston in one direction. When the piston moves in the opposite direction, that is counted as another stroke.For a 4-stroke engine, the piston has to move up, then down, then up again, and then down again to complete one cycle of the engine. In that 4 stroke of the piston, the crankshaft will...
•Why Select Two Strokes?
Why Select Two Strokes? by Thomas Yoon In our previous publication, we touched on the subjectof 2-stroke diesel engines. http://www.free-engineering.com/fwezine26.htm .Today, we ask why we choose to use 2-strokes? As you might remember, for a 2-stroke engine, the piston has to move up, and then down to complete one cycle of the engine. In those 2 strokes of the piston, the crankshaft will have turned 1 revolution. In those 2 strokes of the piston the engine has also completed 4 stages of the...
•Additives that Improve Lubrication Oils
Additives that Improve Lubrication Oils by Thomas Yoon Mechanical machines need lubrication. No machines can run for long without lubrication of its moving parts. At best, the moving parts may wear out faster. At worst, entire machines can seize up and develop cracks. In severe conditions, the heat built up can even cause explosions and loss of lives.So lubrication is no small matter in machine operation.Lubrication oil can last for a very long time in normal machine operation. By...
•Inside Knowledge About Diesel Engines
Inside Knowledge About Diesel Engines by Thomas Yoon One of the most reliable internal combustion engines around is the diesel engine. In many industrial installations, diesel engines are used as prime movers for the generation of electricity and for emergency air compressors.It's true that they are rugged, but one of the most important advantages of these engines is the fact that they can be started by manual cranking. In remote areas, diesel engines can be counted upon for starting up from...
•Lubrication - The Silent Component of Machinery
Lubrication - The Silent Component of Machinery by Thomas Yoon The function of a lubrication medium is:1. To form a film between moving bearing components so that metal to metal contact is prevented.2. To reduce friction and eliminate wear3. To protect against corrosion4. To seal against impurities like dust, dirt, water.In order for the oil film to be formed between the moving bearing components, the film must be sufficiently thick even under heavy load, high temperatures or...
•Bigger Power with Two Strokes!
Bigger Power with Two Strokes! by Thomas Yoon What is a 2-stroke diesel engine?As the name suggests, these engines work on reciprocating actions of pistons. One stroke means one linear motion of the piston in one direction. When the piston moves in the opposite direction, that is counted as another stroke.For a 2-stroke engine, the piston has to move up, and then down to complete one cycle of the engine. In those 2 strokes of the piston, the crankshaft will have turned 1 revolution.The 2...
•How to Align Your Shafts
How to Align Your Shafts by Thomas Yoon In the last issue, we discuss about shaft seals and how liquid is prevented from coming out from the pump housing even though the shaft is rotating. Ezine ArticleSome mechanical seals are made to very fine tolerances. Damage to mechanical seals and bearings can sometimes be cause by the misalignment of pump shaft with the motor shaft.Whenever some of the motors or driven machinery is dismantled or even when the machines are not running smoothly,...
•Condensers - The Liquid Producers
Condensers - The Liquid Producers by Thomas Yoon Some people call them capacitors. Others call them condensers. These components store electrical charges. Mechanical systems also have condensers. Condensers are found underneath steam turbines. Air-conditioning systems have condensers too.How this name came about is a mystery to me. Perhaps it is because the condenser is the place for converting vapor or gas into liquid - at least for mechanical systems.So it is a kind of heat exchanger. What...
•The Cold Facts about Hypothermia
The Cold Facts about Hypothermia by Thomas Yoon If you ever go to cold countries, you should undoubtedly have heard of Hypothermia. If you haven't, you should learn something about it. Your very own life may depend on knowing the information below:Hypothermia is a condition marked by an abnormally low internal body temperature. It develops when body heat is lost faster than it can be replaced. Normal muscular and cerebral functions become impaired and death can follow if it becomes worse....
•Destruction for Good
Destruction for Good by Thomas YoonDestruction! Blow Up! Eliminate! These are not pleasant words!Unfortunately, when it comes to safety we have no other choices. In the electrical industry, fuses are destroyed in order to protect lives or property.Whenever there is a big fault in the power lines, possibly caused by short-circuiting, fuses are very helpful to stop the flow of current.Unlike circuit breakers, fuses have no mechanical moving parts that can fail to operate. A fuse is just an...
•Vacation Break for Electrical Machines
Vacation Break for Electrical Machines by Thomas YoonAre you overloaded? Have you become a part of the highly stressed modern working environment? You may need a break - a vacation, a change in environment, a change of pace...Similarly, machines can be overloaded too. Those that were designed for a particular system are often pushed to their limits when new requirements emerge.Just like the final straw that breaks the camel's back, electrical machines too, can reach their breaking point. If...
•Greasing Bearings - How Much is Enough?
Greasing Bearings - How Much is Enough? by Thomas YoonPreviously, we have talked about using suitable greases for different applications. Basically, we want to use low temperature greases for low temperature applications and high temperature greases for high temperature applications. The reason is quite simple - we want the grease to form a thin film of lubricating oil between the rubbing surfaces. If we use high temperature grease for normal temperature applications, the chances are the...
•Oil or Grease Lubrication?
Oil or Grease Lubrication? by Thomas Yoon A lubricating grease is usually a mixture of 85 to 90 percent mineral oil or synthetic oil together with a thickener. In a majority of all greases, the thickener is a metallic soap. One example is lithium stearate for lithium soap.The function of the thickener, the metallic soap, is to hold the lubricating oil in a semi-liquid state for easier handling.When there is rise in temperature, the oil bleeds out from the thickener and functions as a...
•Simple Sealing Solution for Pump Shafts
Simple Sealing Solution for Pump Shafts by Thomas Yoon In this issue, we will focus on a much simpler way of sealing a rotating shaft of a pump. It's by using gland packing. This method of sealing has been in use for a very long time, and is still being used today.There are advantages and disadvantages in using them.Perhaps the first and foremost reason for replacing them with mechanical seals is because of the fact that gland packing needs a small amount of leak for cooling purposes.A...
•Mechanical Seals for Zero Leakage
Mechanical Seals for Zero Leakage by Thomas Yoon A centrifugal water pump contains a few basic components as follows:1) The housing for containing the water.2) The impeller attached to a rotating shaft that moves the water.3) The coupling that transmits the rotating action of a motor (or other prime movers) to the pump shaft.4) The seal between the housing and the rotating shaft.5) The bearings for ensuring that the shaft turns smoothly.6) The inlet and the outlet ports for channeling the...
•Easy Way to Troubleshoot Pump Problems
Easy Way to Troubleshoot Pump Problems by Thomas Yoon In any problem analysis, we have to specify the problem, check whether there is any deviation from the normal condition, identify the possible causes, evaluate the possible causes and then confirm the true cause.Pumps or other machinery will give tell tale signs when they are not working properly. An observant pump user will be able to avoid major breakdowns or damage if the problem is corrected early. In order to solve any pump problem,...
•Just the Right Timing
Just the Right Timing by Thomas Yoon How does the engine know when to spray fuel, let in air, compressthe air, and exhaust the spent combustion product?Obviously, there must be a certain timing for these processes tofollow in order for the diesel engine to work.If the fuel were to be injected when the air inside the cylindersis not sufficiently compressed, it will not ignite. Furthermore,if the timing is not correct, some of the unburned fuel may findtheir way out through the exhaust and...
•Transducers - The Remarkable Changers
Transducers - The Remarkable Changers by Thomas Yoon Complex control systems all make use of signals that can be easily measured and altered remotely. Automatically operated machines or actuators need to be powered either by electrical motors, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders. The most common signals sent out from a transducer are electrical current or voltage and pneumatic pressure. These signals are easily translated by controllers. Visual measuring devices like liquid bulb thermometers...
•Getting the Power to Control
Getting the Power to Control by Thomas Yoon One of the advantages of using machines to control processes for you is that you can harness tremendous amounts of power and energy which humans do not possess.By a flick of a switch, huge sliding flood gates can move to allow large quantities of water to flow out of a dam. With just a slight twist on a handle, supertankers weighing hundreds of thousands of tons are able to turn because of the corresponding rotation of huge rudders. Similarly,...
•Controls - The Building Blocks to Automation
Controls - The Building Blocks to Automation by Thomas Yoon As man learns to make machines that no longer rely on animal or human power, he finds that he has to develop some means to manage and control them. Powerful machines let loosed by themselves will create havoc and destruction.Control systems have been developed for machines or processes so as to reduce the chances of failure and to provide the required results.Basically, there are open loop control systems and close loop control...
•Vital Chemicals for Cooling Towers
Vital Chemicals for Cooling Towers by Thomas Yoon Cooling towers are used to cool down hot condenser water taken from chillers of air conditioning systems. The cooling effect of cooling towers are attributed to the evaporation of the water when it is blown through by air from the fans.After some time of circulating through the cooling towers, the water becomes more and more concentrated with the dissolved salts in the water. The concentrated water has to be drained off and fresh new water...
•Simple But Powerful Centrifugal Chillers
Simple But Powerful Centrifugal Chillers by Thomas Yoon Centrifugal chillers are used for cooling large buildings in a centralized air conditioning system. There are other types of chillers using screw compressors and reciprocating compressors. These are usually smaller in size. Today's topic is about centrifugal chillers - the ultimate choice for any air conditioning installations higher than 500 RT (refrigeration tons)Basically, centrifugal chillers use centrifugal fans to move the...
•Cooling Towers - the Industrial Workhorses
Cooling Towers - the Industrial Workhorses by Thomas Yoon Industrial Processes usually produces a lot of heat. Air-conditioning also removes heat from the indoor areas through heat exchangers.Where does all the heat go?All these heat has to be removed. If you are not near the sea, you have to use cooling towers to cool down your warm water.Cooling towers make use of air currents to cool warm water. However, a basic rule has to be made when you want to extract heat from any object, including...
•Blow Away Your Soot!
Blow Away Your Soot! by Thomas Yoon A boiler that has been running for a long time is sure to have soot deposits on its tubes and furnace.This is especially prominent in boilers using heavy fuel oil for burning. Although the fuel will be heated and filtered before combustion, it still contains a lot of impurities. The by-products of combustion as well as imperfect combustion cause the soot to form. The soot is deposited on the heating surfaces.During the combustion of the fuel oil in a steam...
•Steaming Manhole
Steaming Manhole by Thomas Yoon Boiler inspections are necessary in order to find out theeffectiveness of the boiler water chemical treatment. Itis also useful to detect any faults or potential weaknessin the steel structures, plates and shells so that accidentscan be avoided.However, even entering the boiler for inspection can be asafety hazard if you are not careful!Firstly, the heat, and the remaining steam. It is betterto cool the boiler sufficiently before entry. However,sometimes,...
•What to Look for Inside your Steam Boiler?
What to Look for Inside your Steam Boiler? by Thomas Yoon A steam boiler is a pressure vessel with a difference. The vessel is subjected to heat stress of expansion and contraction, internal and external corrosion, as well as intense heating on some of its surfaces.If we are not careful, the steam pressure can rise up very high, and it can become a potential bomb!Because of this, steam boilers have to be built to certain regulatory codes, with regards to materials used in their construction,...
•Belts that Squeeze
Belts that Squeeze by Thomas Yoon Belts have many uses in the running of equipment. The most common belts are used to transmit power from a prime mover (usually a motor) to another rotating machine. Have you heard of belts used for removing water from sludge?Yes, there is a type of equipment used in wastewater treatment that uses belts to remove water from sludge. It's called a belt press.This is how it works:There are two continuously running belts made of woven polyester material in the...
•How Big Buildings Circulate Air?
How Big Buildings Circulate Air? by Thomas Yoon How do big shopping complexes, offices and commercial buildings cool their indoor space? For big buildings, we need big cooling capacities. Central air-conditioning systems using chillers are used. Chilled water is the most convenient way to collect the heat from the indoor spaces. We just need pipes. Miles and miles of them.Chilled water from the chillers is about 44 degree Fahrenheit (about 7 deg C). In order for the room heat to be...
•Splitting the Heat and the Noise
Splitting the Heat and the Noise by Thomas Yoon The most common air conditioning units we see nowadays is the air-cooled split unit. It used to be the window unit many years ago. I guess it must be quietness of the split units that won the hearts of the users.In any air conditioning unit, there must be a process for absorbing heat from the indoors and discharging it to the outdoors. For air-cooled units, the heat is discharged directly to the atmosphere.What's the difference then between...
•What's so Special about Air-Conditioning Compressors?
What's so Special about Air-Conditioning Compressors? by Thomas Yoon What's the difference between an air-conditioning compressor and an air compressor?Obvious question? Or is there more to it than the different kind of gas that the compressor handles?Of course the refrigerant gas has something to do with the design of the air-conditioning compressor. For one thing, the refrigerant gas has a unique property of being a liquid at normal room temperatures, and it can become a gas at a slightly...
•Burning Smells - Indication of Trouble
Burning Smells - Indication of Trouble by Thomas Yoon What's that Burning Smell?If you are running machinery, you will be asked this sooner or later. Machines produce heat. And heat produces burning smells. It's as simple as that! I am sure many of us can sense that something is not right when we smell burning. After all burning means overheating. Machines are not meant to overheat. But sometimes they do.Questions…questions…How to tackle this?Is it from the electrical source, or the...
•Get Hot on Combustion!
Get Hot on Combustion! by Thomas Yoon Energy in the form of heat is obtained when fuel is burnt in air. The release of this heat energy can be slow or can be very rapid.When fuel oil is sprayed as a fine mist in the boiler burners, it is able to burn at a relatively slow rate. When fuel is sprayed into the cylinders of diesel engines, the fuel burns in such a rapid rate that explosions occur. Fortunately, these explosions are protected from persons as these engines are called internal...
•Why Condition Your Boiler Water?
Why Condition Your Boiler Water? by Thomas Yoon A boiler is used for generating steam. It does this by heating water to its boiling point, after which steam will evaporate from it. When you boil a kettle of water, you will shut off the fire or electric power when the water comes to a boil.No so with a steam boiler. Generation of steam is a continuous process. Once a boiler is generating steam, it may take quite a long while before it is stopped. When steam is evaporated from the water, new...
•Expansion for Heat Absorption
Expansion for Heat Absorption by Thomas Yoon In the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant must undergo a change in state in order for the heat to be absorbed from the environment.The refrigerant has the property of changing its state from liquid to vapor at normal room temperatures. Have you ever felt your skin becoming cool whenever you put alcohol on it? Or even when a bit of petrol spilled onto your hands? It's because, the alcohol or petrol has evaporated when it comes in contact with...
•Cooling Down by Evaporating
Cooling Down by Evaporating by Thomas Yoon Evaporator coils of air conditioning systems are sometimes called cooling coils. But cooling coils are also used in air-handling units. These contain chilled water. These are completely different from those used in direct expansion air cond units.So cooling coils is not an accurate word to use in small air cond units. Evaporator coils should be used instead. Evaporator tubes must contain refrigerant liquid that can evaporate to become gas. In an air...
•Explosive Air
Explosive Air by Thomas Yoon Have you considered your air compressor as a potential bomb? If you have not, then you better!Use non-oil free air compressors with caution. Chances are, your air compressor pipelines may have already accumulated a sizable amount of oil.Does your air compressor work non-stop? Is the inter-cooler or after-cooler efficient? Is your compressed air hot?The oil film in the pipes turns to carbon with heat. The oxygen-rich and moist atmosphere inside the pipes can turn...
•Was there a Better Way?
Was there a Better Way? by Thomas YoonWhenever, we have a task or project to carry out don't we alwayslook for the most capable person to lead us? And if the task were supposed to follow a set pattern, don't we like to stick to time-tested methods that worked all the time?But sometimes events happen so quickly that it takes our breath away. When things do not go as we planned, tempers flare up, moods become dampened, and we so quickly become irritated - especially if it was caused by last...
•Tsunamis in the Bible?
Tsunamis in the Bible? by Thomas Yoon I have always wondered how the Red Sea parted as described in the Exodus story of Moses.The recent Tsunamis that happened in West Sumatra and the tremendous destruction that came with it got me thinking - was this what really happened to the Egyptian army when they were pursuing the Hebrew people while they were led out of Egypt by Moses?On the internet, many eyewitness accounts can be obtained very fast. Pictures taken by amateurs appeared on the news...
•Attacked in the Jungle!
Attacked in the Jungle! by Thomas Yoon "Tak kenak! Tak kenak!" "Adak Orang sanak!…………"The quiet jungle has suddenly become noisy with intruders. Strange voices and shouting seemed to appear all around us. They were definitely foreign. We were being attacked! We had been expecting an attack, but we did not expect it so soon. We did everything possible to protect ourselves, but the only cover we had were some bushes, tree trunks, leaves and the natural foliage. If we protect ourselves from the...
•Emergency! Gas Fire!
Emergency! Gas Fire! by Thomas Yoon Woooooooo……Woooo………The siren sounded. All of us looked at each other with excitement. The time has come for us to go into action.From all over the building, we can see Emergency Response Team members coming out, some looking a bit dazed. A general alarm had been sounded and the ERT has been activated!At the command post, the "Commander" quickly briefed all the ERT members about the situation. There was a fire at the LPG storage tank, and there was an...
•Effective Fire Prevention Measures in the Home 2
Effective Fire Prevention Measures in the Home 2 by Thomas Yoon Although we can do our utmost to prevent fires from happening byisolating the sources of heat from combustibles and oxygen, it isoften the unexpected event that catches us unawares.CarelessnessSometimes, forgetfulness can result in an accidental fire. Putting a kettle to boil water on a gas stove and forgetting about it can be disastrous. When all the water has evaporated, the kettle becomes red hot, melt and spread the molten...
•Effective Fire Prevention Measures in the Home 1
Effective Fire Prevention Measures in the Home 1 by Thomas Yoon Are you aware that you can lose all your personal belongings in a single fire? It's very sad when fire strikes your home. You lose everything. You do not have a chance to save many belongings. You will be considered lucky if you escape with your life. A person's home is a very private piece of his or her existence. People have been known to struggle for their entire life just to accumulate sufficient material riches and built...
•Architecture for Ships?
Architecture for Ships? by Thomas Yoon What is Naval Architecture? Many folks will not have a slightest idea. It's a field of study that involves Physics, Mechanics, Engineering and Legislation. Architecture involves design of buildings.Naval Architecture is slightly different. Many considerations need to be made when we construct a ship that can travel through stormy seas, maintain the stability with constantly changing cargo loading patterns, determine speeds and resistances when moving...
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